Professor William Clarke
Professor
School of Civil Engineering
+61 7 336 56464
![](https://dow.centre.uq.edu.au/sites/dow.centre.uq.edu.au/files/styles/uq_core_small_portrait/public/ckfinder/images/staff_profile/324.jpeg?itok=T8pTwIQQ)
Researcher biography
Prof Bill Clarke (Schools of Civil and Chemical Engineering) has an extensive publication record in methods for accelerating the solubilisation and digestion of solid organic waste, measuring landfill emissions and the ingress of O2 and subsequent composting of waste in landfills, the utilisation of waste as a carbon source for H2S production in the mineral processing industry, on-site digestion of combined wastewater and solid organic waste and the fate of pathogens, heavy metals and POPs in organic treatment processes. He was an Associate Editor of Waste Management (2008-13) and is on the Managing Board of the International Waste Working Group.
Book Chapters
Jensen, Paul D., Astals, Sergi, Bai, Xue, Nieradzik, Ludwika, Wardrop, Peter, Batstone, Damien J. and Clarke, William P. (2022). Established full-scale applications for energy recovery from water: anaerobic digestion. Resource recovery from water. (pp. 99-139) London, United Kingdom: IWA Publishing. doi: 10.2166/9781780409566_0099
Jensen, Paul D., Astals, Sergi, Bai, Xue, Nieradzik, Ludwika, Wardrop, Peter, Batstone, Damien J. and Clarke, William P. (2022). Established full-scale applications for energy recovery from water: anaerobic digestion. Resource recovery from water: principles and application. (pp. 99-140) edited by Ilje Pikaar, Jeremy Guest, Ramon Ganigué, Paul Jensen, Korneel Rabaey, Thomas Seviour, John Trimmer, Olaf van der Kolk, Céline Vaneeckhaute and Willy Verstraete. London, United Kingdom: IWA Publishing. doi: 10.2166/9781780409566_0099
Strong, Peter James , Karthikeyan, Obulisamy Parthiba , Zhu, Jing , Clarke, William and Wu, Weixiang (2017). Methanotrophs: methane mitigation, denitrification and bioremediation. Agro-environmental sustainability: Volume 2: Managing environmental pollution. (pp. 19-40) edited by Jay Shankar Singh and Gamini Seneviratne. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-49727-3_2
Lai, T. E., Koppar, A. K., Pullammanappallil, P. C. and Clarke, W. P. (2009). Mathematical modeling of batch, single stage, leach bed anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Optimization in the Energy Industry. (pp. 233-276) edited by J. Kallrath, P. M. Pardalos, S. Rebennack and M. Scheidt. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Clarke, W. P. (2004). Solid and Hazardous Wastes. Environmental Health in Australia and New Zealand. (pp. 293-309) edited by N. Cromar, S. Cameron and H. Fallowfield. South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Oxford University Press.
Journal Articles
Webster, Luke J., Villa-Gomez, Denys, Brown, Reuben, Clarke, William and Schenk, Peer M. (2024). A synthetic biology approach for the treatment of pollutants with microalgae. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 12 ARTN 1379301, 1-16. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1379301
Ezieke, Arinze Hycienth, Serrano, Antonio, Peces, Miriam, Clarke, William and Villa-Gomez, Denys (2024). Effect of feeding frequency on the anaerobic digestion of berry fruit waste. Waste Management, 178, 66-75. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.011
Arsic, Maja, O’Sullivan, Cathryn A., Wasson, Anton P., Antille, Diogenes L. and Clarke, William P. (2023). Beyond waste-to-energy: bioenergy can drive sustainable Australian agriculture by integrating circular economy with net zero ambitions. Detritus, 23 (23), 28-34. doi: 10.31025/2611-4135/2023.17278
Thompson Brewster, Emma, Rounsefell, Beth, Lin, Fangzhou, Clarke, William and O'Brien, Katherine R. (2022). Adult incontinence products are a larger and faster growing waste issue than disposable infant nappies (diapers) in Australia. Waste Management, 152, 30-37. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.07.038
Grinham, Alistair, O'Sullivan, Cathryn, Dunbabin, Matthew, Sturm, Katrin, Gale, Deborah, Clarke, William and Albert, Simon (2022). Drivers of anaerobic methanogenesis in sub-tropical reservoir sediments. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10 852344. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.852344
Ezieke, Arinze Hycienth, Serrano, Antonio, Clarke, William and Villa-Gomez, Denys Kristalia (2022). Bottom ash from smouldered digestate and coconut coir as an alkalinity supplement for the anaerobic digestion of fruit waste. Chemosphere, 296 134049, 134049. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134049
Peces, Miriam, Astals, Sergi, Jensen, Paul D. and Clarke, William P. (2021). Transition of microbial communities and degradation pathways in anaerobic digestion at decreasing retention time. New Biotechnology, 60, 52-61. doi: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.07.005
Alibardi, Luca, Astrup, Thomas F., Asunis, Fabiano, Clarke, William P., De Gioannis, Giorgia, Dessì, Paolo, Lens, Piet N.L., Lavagnolo, Maria Cristina, Lombardi, Lidia, Muntoni, Aldo, Pivato, Alberto, Polettini, Alessandra, Pomi, Raffaella, Rossi, Andreina, Spagni, Alessandro and Spiga, Daniela (2020). Organic waste biorefineries: Looking towards implementation. Waste Management, 114, 274-286. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.010
Patel, Miheka, Villa Gómez, Denys K., Pikaar, Ilje and Clarke, William P. (2020). Influence of inoculum selection on the utilisation of volatile fatty acid and glucose in sulfate reducing reactors. Environmental Technology, 43 (2), 1-12. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1783371
Peces, M., Astals, S., Jensen, P. D. and Clarke, W. P. (2018). Deterministic mechanisms define the long-term anaerobic digestion microbiome and its functionality regardless of the initial microbial community. Water Research, 141, 366-376. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.028
Obersky, Lizanne, Rafiee, Reza, Cabral, Alexandre R., Golding, Suzanne D. and Clarke, William P. (2018). Methodology to determine the extent of anaerobic digestion, composting and CH4 oxidation in a landfill environment. Waste Management, 76, 364-373. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.029
Rafiee, Reza, Obersky, Lizanne, Xie, Sihuang and Clarke, William P (2017). Pilot scale evaluation of a model to distinguish the rates of simultaneous anaerobic digestion, composting and methane oxidation in static waste beds. Waste Management (New York, N.Y.), 71, 156-163. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.003
Clarke, W P (2017). The uptake of anaerobic digestion for the organic fraction of municipal solid waste - Push versus pull factors. Bioresource Technology, 249, 1040-1043. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.10.086
Rafiee, Reza, Obersky, Lizanne, Xie, Sihuang and Clarke, William P. (2017). A mass balance model to estimate the rate of composting, methane oxidation and anaerobic digestion in soil covers and shallow waste layers. International Journal of Drug Policy, 63, 196-202. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.12.025
Xie, S., O'Dwyer, T., Freguia, S., Pikaar, I. and Clarke, W. P. (2016). Effect of biomass concentration on methane oxidation activity using mature compost and graphite granules as substrata. Waste Management, 56, 290-297. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.08.003
Han, Wei, Clarke, William and Pratt, Steven (2016). Cycling of iodine by microalgae: iodine uptake and release by a microalgae biofilm in a groundwater holding pond. Ecological Engineering, 94, 286-294. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.05.001
Strong, P. J., Kalyuzhnaya, M., Silverman, J. and Clarke, W. P. (2016). A methanotroph-based biorefinery: potential scenarios for generating multiple products from a single fermentation. Bioresource Technology, 215, 314-323. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.099
Zheng, Hang, Zeng, Raymond J., O'Sullivan, Cathryn and Clarke, William P. (2016). Critical analysis of hydrogen production from mixed culture fermentation under thermophilic condition (60 °C). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100 (11), 5165-5176. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-7482-z
Tannock, Simon J. C. and Clarke, William P. (2016). The use of food waste as a carbon source for on-site treatment of nutrient-rich blackwater from an office block. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 37 (18), 2368-2378. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2016.1150351
Xie, S., Ma, Y., Strong, P. J. and Clarke, W. P. (2015). Fluctuation of dissolved heavy metal concentrations in the leachate from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste in commercial scale landfill bioreactors: the effect of pH and associated mechanisms. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 299, 577-583. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.065
Peces, M., Astals, S., Clarke, W. P. and Jensen, P. D. (2015). Semi-aerobic fermentation as a novel pre-treatment to obtain VFA and increase methane yield from primary sludge. Bioresource Technology, 200, 631-638. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.085
Han, Wei, Clarke, William and Pratt, Steven (2015). Stabilisation of microalgae: iodine mobilisation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Bioresource Technology, 193, 219-226. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.063
Zheng, Hang, Zeng, Raymond J., Duke, Mikel C., O'Sullivan, Cathryn A. and Clarke, William P. (2015). Changes in glucose fermentation pathways by an enriched bacterial culture in response to regulated dissolved H2 concentrations. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 112 (6), 1177-1186. doi: 10.1002/bit.25525
Strong, P. J., Xie, S. and Clarke, W. P. (2015). Methane as a resource: can the methanotrophs add value?. Environmental Science and Technology, 49 (7), 4001-4018. doi: 10.1021/es504242n
Ho, Ngai Man, Sly, Lindsay and Clarke, William P. (2014). Soluble organic compounds in oil shale sour water are degradable only after being adsorbed to combusted oil shale. Fuel, 133, 270-275. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.095
Han, Wei, Clarke, William and Pratt, Steven (2014). Composting of waste algae: A review. Waste Management, 34 (7), 1148-1155. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.01.019
Phi, Son, Clarke, William and Li, Ling (2013). Laboratory and numerical investigations of hillslope soil saturation development and runoff generation over rainfall events. Journal of Hydrology, 493, 1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.04.009
Rounsefell, B. D., O'Sullivan, C. A., Chinivasagam, N., Batstone, D. and Clarke, W. P. (2013). Fate of pathogen indicators in a domestic blend of food waste and wastewater through a two-stage anaerobic digestion system. Water Science and Technology, 67 (2), 366-373. doi: 10.2166/wst.2012.573
O'Sullivan, Cathryn, Rounsefell, Beth, Grinham, Alistair, Clarke, William and Udy, James (2010). Anaerobic digestion of harvested aquatic weeds: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), cabomba (Cabomba Caroliniana) and salvinia (Salvinia molesta). Ecological Engineering, 36 (10), 1459-1468. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.06.027
Clarke, William P. and Alibardi, Luca (2010). Anaerobic digestion for the treatment of solid organic waste: what's hot and what's not. Waste Management, 30 (10), 1761-1762. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2010.06.019
Zheng, Hang, O'Sullivan, Cathryn, Mereddy, Ram, Zeng, Raymond J., Duke, Mikel and Clarke, William P. (2010). Experimental and theoretical investigation of diffusion processes in a membrane anaerobic reactor for bio-hydrogen production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35 (11), 5301-5311. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.03.002
Jensen, Paul D., Hardin, Matthew T. and Clarke, William P. (2009). Effect of biomass concentration and inoculum source on the rate of anaerobic cellulose solubilization. Bioresource Technology, 100 (21), 5219-5225. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.018
Clarke, W. P. (2009). The pursuit of fundamental research in waste management. Waste Management, 29 (6), 1791-1792. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.007
Russo, Melissa A. L., O’Sullivan, Cathryn, Rounsefell, Beth, Halley, Peter J., Truss, Rowan and Clarke, William P. (2009). The anaerobic degradability of thermoplastic starch: Polyvinyl alcohol blends: Potential biodegradable food packaging materials. Bioresource Technology, 100 (5), 1705-1710. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.09.026
Song, Hoyhak and Clarke, William P. (2009). Cellulose hydrolysis by a methanogenic culture enriched from landfill waste in a semi-continuous reactor. Bioresource Technology, 100 (3), 1268-1273. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.08.029
Tait, Stephan, Clarke, William P., Keller, Jurg and Batstone, Damien J. (2009). Removal of sulfate from high-strength wastewater by crystallisation. Water Research, 43 (3), 762-772. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.008
Jensen, P.D., Hardin, M.T. and Clarke, W.P. (2009). Effect of initial biomass on cellulose hydrolysis by leachate communities. International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, 3 (3-4), 205-213. doi: 10.1504/IJEWM.2009.026337
O'Sullivan, C., Burrell, P. C., Pasmore, M., Clarke, W. P. and Blackall, L. L. (2009). Application of flowcell technology for monitoring biofilm development and cellulose degradation in leachate and rumen systems. Bioresource Technology, 100 (1), 492-496. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.028
O'Sullivan, C., Burrell, P. C., Clarke, W. P. and Blackall, L .L. (2008). The effect of biomass density on cellulose solubilisation rates. Bioresource Technology, 99 (11), 4723-4731. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.09.070
Clarke, W. P., Radnidge, P., Lai, T., Jensen, P. and Hardin, M. T. (2008). Digestion of waste bananas to generate energy in Australia. Waste Management, 28 (3), 527-533. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2007.01.012
Jensen, P., Hardin, M.T. and Clarke, W.P. (2008). Measurement and quantification of sessile and planktonic microbial populations during the anaerobic digestion of cellulose. Water Science and Technology, 57 (4), 465-469. doi: 10.2166/wst.2008.106
O'Sullivan, C, Burrell, PC, Clarke, WP and Blackall, LL (2007). A survey of the relative abundance of specific groups of cellulose degrading bacteria in anaerobic environments using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103 (4), 1332-1343. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03362.x
Clarke, W.P., Taylor, M. and Cossins, R. (2007). Evaluation by respirometry of the loading capacity of a high rate vermicompost bed for treating sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology, 98 (13), 2611-2618. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.09.059
Nopharatana, Annop, Pullammanappallil, Pratap C. and Clarke, William P. (2007). Kinetics and dynamic modelling of batch anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste in a stirred reactor. Waste Management, 27 (5), 595-603. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.04.010
O'Sullivan, C. A., Burrell, P. C., Clarke, W. P. and Blackall, L. L. (2006). Comparison of cellulose solubilisation rates in rumen and landfill leachate inoculated reactors. Bioresource Technology, 97 (18), 2356-2363. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.10.021
Lai, T. E., Pullammanappallil, P. C. and Clarke, W. P. (2006). Quantification of cellulase activity using cellulose-azure. Talanta, 69 (1), 68-72. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2005.08.063
O'Sullivan, Cathryn A., Burrell, Paul C., Clarke, William P. and Blackall, Linda L. (2005). Structure of a cellulose degrading bacterial community during anaerobic digestion. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 92 (7), 871-878. doi: 10.1002/bit.20669
O'Sullivan, C. A., Clarke, W. P. and Lockington, D. A. (2005). Sources of hydrogen sulfide in groundwater on reclaimed land. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 131 (3), 471-477. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2005)131:3(471)
Clarke, WP, Ho, NM, Taylor, M, Coombs, S, Bell, PR and Picar, T (2005). Evaluation by respirometry of the degradability of retort water using a shale ash and overburden packed column. Environmental Technology, 26 (8), 899-907. doi: 10.1080/09593332608618495
Song, H., Clarke, W. P. and Blackall, L. L. (2005). Concurrent microscopic observations and activity measurements of cellulose hydrolyzing and methanogenic populations during the batch anaerobic digestion of crystalline cellulose. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 91 (3), 369-378. doi: 10.1002/bit.20517
Burrell, P. C., O'Sullivan, C., Song, H., Clarke, W. P. and Blackall, L. L. (2004). Identification, detection, and spatial resolution of Clostridium populations responsible for cellulose degradation in a methanogenic landfill leachate bioreactor. Applied And Environmental Microbiology, 70 (4), 2414-2419. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.4.2414-2419.2004
Taylor, M., Clarke, W. P., Greenfield, P. F. and Swain, G. J. (2004). Characterizing the physical and chemical properties of a vermicompost filter bed. Compost Science and Utilization, 12 (4), 383-391. doi: 10.1080/1065657X.2004.10702208
Taylor, M., Clarke, W. P. and Greenfield, P. F. (2003). The treatment of domestic wastewater using small-scale vermicompost filter beds. Ecological Engineering, 21 (2-3), 197-203. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2003.12.003
Nopharatana, Annop, Pullammanappallil, Pratap C. and Clarke, William P. (2003). A dynamic mathematical model for sequential leach bed anaerobic digestion of organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 13 (1), 21-33. doi: 10.1016/S1369-703X(02)00097-9
Lai, TE, Nopharatana, A, Pullammanappallil, PC and Clarke, WP (2001). Cellulolytic activity in leachate during leach-bed anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste. Bioresource Technology, 80 (3), 205-210. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00088-8
Kim, Chang Gyun, Clarke, William P. and Lockington, David (2000). Competitive adsorption of sulfolane and thiolane on clay materials. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 17 (SUPPL.), 215-220.
Kim, C. G., Clarke, W. P. and Lockington, D. A. (2000). Determination of retardation coefficients of sulfolane and thiolane on soils by Kow-Koc and solubility parameter, batch and column experiments. Environmental Geology, 39 (7), 741-749. doi: 10.1007/s002540050488
Clarke, William P. (2000). Cost-benefit analysis of introducing technology to rapidly degrade municipal solid waste.. Waste Management and Research, 18 (6), 510-524. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-3070.2000.00157.x
Kim, C. G., Lockington, D., Clarke, W. P. and Kim, C. W. (2000). Preliminary determination of pollutants plume in groundwater at hazardous solid waste disposal site by employing CPT and rig. Environmental Technology, 21 (1), 17-30. doi: 10.1080/09593332108618145
Chugh, S., Chynoweth, D. P., Clarke, W., Pullammanappallil, P. and Rudolph, V. (1999). Degradation of unsorted municipal solid waste by a leach-bed process. Bioresource Technology, 69 (2), 103-115. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00182-5
Kim, Chang Gyun, Clarke, William P. and Lockington, David (1999). Competitive adsorption of sulfolane and thiolane on clay materials. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 16 (2), 215-220. doi: 10.1007/BF02706839
Kim, Chang Gyun, Clarke, William P. and Lockington, David (1999). Competitive adsorption of sulfolane and thiolane on clay materials. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 16 (2), 215-220.
Kim, C. G. and Clarke, W. P. (1999). Comparison on HPLC and PT/ATD/GC application on determination of Thiolane in groundwater. Environmental Engineering Research, 4 (2), 89-94.
Kim, C., Lockington, D. A. and Clarke, W. P. (1999). Feasibility test of biological degradation of heterocyclic sulfur compounds. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A Substances & Environmental Engineering, 34 (4), 899-918.
Kim, C. G., Clarke, W. P. and Lockington, D. (1999). Feasibility test of biological degradation of heterocyclic sulfur compounds in anaerobic state. Journal of Environmental Science and Health - Part A Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering, 34 (4), 899-918. doi: 10.1080/10934529909376872
Nopharatana, A., Clarke, W. P., Pullammanappallil, P. C., Silvey, P. and Chynoweth, D. P. (1998). Evaluation of methanogenic activities during anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste. Bioresource Technology, 64 (3), 169-174. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(97)00190-9
Chugh S., Clarke W., Pullammanappallil P. and Rudolph V. (1998). Effect of recirculated leachate volume on MSW degradation. Waste Management and Research, 16 (6), 564-573. doi: 10.1177/0734242X9801600607
Clarke W.P., Connell L.D., Bell P.R.F. and Krol AndrA. (1994). Simulation of salt migration in an oil shale dump subject to natural rainfall. Fuel, 73 (10), 1617-1623. doi: 10.1016/0016-2361(94)90140-6
Clarke W.P., Krol A.A. and Bell P.R.F. (1990). Simulation of leachate quality from Rundle spent shale. Fuel, 69 (9), 1095-1098. doi: 10.1016/0016-2361(90)90061-T
Conference Papers
Ezieke, Arinze, Serrano, Antonio, Clarke, William and Villa Gomez, Denys (2021). Effect of feeding mode on anaerobic digestion of fruit waste. 18th International Symposium on Waste Management and Sustainable Landfilling, Sardinia, Italy, 11 - 15 October 2021. Rosslyn, United States: CISA Publisher.
Ezieke, Arinze, Serrano, Antonio, Clarke, William and Villa Gomez, Denys K. (2021). Closing the loop in agricultural waste management: co-smouldered digestate ash as alkalinity and trace element supplement for anaerobic digestion. International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management, Thessaloniki, Greece, 23 - 26 June 2021.
Patel, M., Vaughan, J. and Clarke, W. (2016). Using municipal solid waste for biogenic hydrogen sulphide production. Chemeca Conference, Adelaide, Australia, 25-28 September 2016. Melbourne, Australia: Engineers Australia.
Xie, Sihuang, Odwyer, T., Shen, Y., Freguia, S. and Clarke, W. P. (2013). Methane oxidation activities on graphite granules: effect of biomass concentration. sardinia_2013: 14th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Santa Margherita di Pula, Italy, 30 September - 4 October 2013. Padova, Italy: Cisa Publisher.
Clarke, W. P. and Xie, Sihuang (2013). Rapid digestion of shredded MSW by sequentially flooding and draining small landfill cells. sardinia_2013: 14th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Santa Margherita di Pula, Italy, 30 September-4 October, 2013. Padova, Italy: Cisa Publisher. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.11.050
Clarke, W. P., Zheng, H. and Klosterman, F. (2012). Degradation of the organic fraction of MSW in less than 6 months in biocells. 4th International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy, 12-15 November 2012.
Zheng, Hang, O'Sullivan, Cathryn, Clarke, William, Zeng, Raymond and Duke, Mikel (2010). A high yield, hydrogen producing, bacterial community enriched from anaerobic digester leachate. 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2010, Messe Essen, Germany, May 16-21, 2010. Essen, Germany: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH.
Zheng, Hang, O'Sullivan, Kathryn, Mereddy, Ram, Zeng, Raymond J., Duke, Mikel and Clarke, William (2009). Production of bio-hydrogen using a membrane anaerobic reactor: limitations due to diffusion. Environmental Research Event 2009, Noosa Heads, Queensland, 10-13th May 2009.
Duke, Mikel, Mereddy, Ram, Randall, Martin, Zheng, Hang, Zeng, Raymond and Clarke, William (2008). Hydrogen production by integration of silica membrane with anaerobic digestion of solid waste. 17th World Hydrogen Energy Conference (WHEC2008), Brisbane, Australia, 15-19 June 2008.
Jensen, P.D., Hardin, M.T. and Clarke, W.P. (2007). Measurement and quantification of sessile and planktonic microbial populations during the anaerobic digestion of cellulose. 11th IWA World Congress on Anaerobic Digestion, Brisbane, Australia, 23-27 September 2007. Brisbane, Australia: IWA.
O'Sullivan, C., Burrell, P. C., Passmore, M., Clarke, W. P. and Blackall, L. L. (2007). Application of flowcell technology for monitoring biofilm development and cellulose degradation in leachate and rumen inoculated systems. Sardinia 2007 - XI International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, S. Margherita di Pula (Cagliari), Sardinia, Italy, 1-5 October 2007. Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy: Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre.
Radnidge, P. and Clarke, W. P. (2007). Effect of temperature on the digestion of municipal solid waste co-disposed with digested sludge. Sardinia 2007, Italy, 1-5 October 2007. Italy: Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre.
Tannock, S., Clarke, W. P., Keller, J., O'Sullivan, C. and Timms, C. (2007). An optimally integrated treatment process for solid organic waste and wastewater to maximise sustainability in a decentralized treatment plant. Sardinia 2007 - Eleventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Sardinia, Italy, 1-5 October 2007. Italy: Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre.
Rounsefell, B., Clarke, W.P. and Batstone, D.J. (2007). An integrated, decentralised waste management system utilising anaerobic codigestion. Sardinia 2007, Italy, 1-5 October 2007. Italy: Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre.
Jensen, P. D., Hardin, M. T. and Clarke, W. P. (2006). Preliminary study on the effect of initial biomass on the Hydrolysis of Cellouse Particles by Leachate Communities. CHEMECA 2006; The 34th Annual Australasian Chemical and Process Engineering Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, 17-20 September 2006. New Zealand: University of Auckland.
Jensen, P., Hardin, M. T. and Clarke, W. P. (2005). Preliminary evaluation of banana waste as a substrate for energy generation. CHEMECA 2005, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 25-28 September 2005. Brisbane, Australia: Institute of Engineers.
Clarke, W. P., Radnidge, P., Lai, E.T., Jensen, P. and Hardin, M. T. (2005). Digestion of waste bananas to generate energy in Australia. Sardinia 2005, Tenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Sardinia, Italy, 307 October 2005. Italy: CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre.
Radnidge, P., Clarke, W. P., Lai, E.T. and Song, H. (2005). Landfill based pretreatment of MSW in Australia. Sardinia 2005 - Tenth International Waste Management and Landflill Symposium, Sardinia, Italy, 3-7 October 2005. Italy: CESA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre.
Clarke, W. P., O'Sullivan, C. A., Song, H., Burrell, P. C. and Blackall, L. L. (2005). Fundamental studies on the colonization and hydrolysis of solid organic particles in anaerobic digesters. Sardina 2005 - Tenth International Waste Management and Landflill Symposium, Sardinia, Italy, 3-7 October 2005. Italy: CESA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre.
Li, L., Clarke, W. P., Lockington, D. A. and Jeng, D.-S (2005). Assessing the effectiveness of new teaching methods in engineering education. 4th ASEE/AaeE Global Colloquium on Engineering Education, Sydney, Australia, 26-29 September 2005. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: School of Engineering, University of Queensland.
Song, H., Clarke, W. P. and Blackall, L. L. (2003). Effect of particle retention time on the anaerobic digestion of organic solids. ORBIT 2003 Organic Recovery and Biological Treatment, Perth, Australia, 30 april - 2 May 2003. Australia: Murdoch University.
Lai, T., Pullammanappallil, P. and Clarke, W. P. (2003). A model to predict the effect of buffer on the start-up of slurry and leach-bed anaerobic digestion of MSW. Sardinia 2003 Ninth International Waste Management and Landfilm, Italy, 6-10 October 2003. Italy: Grafiche Ghiani.
Clarke, W. P., Song, H. and Blackall, L. L. (2003). The hydrolytic efficiency of biofilms on organic solids in anaerobic environments. Sardinia 2003 - Ninth International Waste Management and Landfm, Italy, 6-10 October 2003. Italy: Grafiche Ghiani.
O'Sullivan, C. A., Burrell, P. C., Clarke, W. P. and Blackall, L. L. (2003). Structure of a cellulose degrading bacterial community during anaerobic digestion. BIO-IMEB - Biofilms in Industry, Medicine & Environmental Biot, Galway, Ireland, 9-14 August 2003. Ireland: National University of Ireland.
O'Sullivan, C. A., Burrell, P. C., Clarke, W. P. and Blackall, L. L. (2003). Relationship between the structure of the cellulolytic community and the rate of cellulose hydrolysis during an aerobic digestion. Biofilms 2003, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 1-6 November 2003. Washington, DC, USA: American Society for Microbiology.
Ho, N. M., Clarke, W. P., Sly, L. I. and Picaro, P. (2003). Development of a waste water treatment process of the Stuart Oil Shale Project. Innovations in Water OZwater Convention & Exhibition, Perth, Western Australia, 6-10 April 2003. NSW, Australia: Australian Water Association.
Wong, L. T., Tan, H. L., Lockington, D. A., Clarke, W. P. and Day, R. A. (2003). The mobility of tributylin in dredged sediments. Geo-Environmental Engineering, Singapore, 9-10 December 2003. Singapore: CI-Premier Conference Organisation.
Ho, N. M., Clarke, W. P. and Sly, L. I. (2003). Characterisation of spatial and temporal profiles in packed-column biofilm reactor for shale retorting process wastewater treatment. Biofilm Symposium 2003, Cape Town, South Africa, 14-18 September 2003. South Africa: International Water Association.
Burrell, P., O'Sullivan, C. A., Song, H., Clarke, W. and Blackall, L. (2002). Molecular Analysis of an Anaerobic Cellulolytic Biomass. The Australian Society for Microbiology Annual Scientific Meeting, Melbourne Convention Centre, Melbourne, Vic., September 2002. Melbourne, Vic.: The Australian Society for Microbiology.
Nopharatana, M., Clarke, W. P. and Pullammanappallil, P. (1999). Dynamic model of leach bed anaerobic digestion of MSW. APBioCheEC '99, Phuket, Thailand, 15-18 November. Thailand: Thai Society for Biotechnology.
Nopharatana, A., Pullammanappallil, P. and Clarke, W. P. (1999). Modelling leach bed anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste. II International Symposium on Anaerobic Digestion of Solid We, Barcelona, Spain, 15 - 17 June. UK: IAWQ.
Lai, T., Pullammanappallil, P. and Clarke, W. P. (1999). Quantification of cellulose activity using cellulose-azure. Environmental Engineering Research Event 1999, Castlemaine, Vic., Aust., 23-26 November 1999. Melbourne: EERE 1999.